Investigation of the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in infant and young child formulas and health risk assessment in Türkiye
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol.171, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 171
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106162
- Journal Name: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Environment Index, MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO)
- Keywords: Follow-on milk, Health risk assessment, Heavy metals, ICP-MS, Infant food for special medical purposes, Infant formula
- Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
Non-essential heavy metals pose health risks even at low concentrations in contaminated food. Complementary foods are widely used for infants and young children, often due to insufficient breastfeeding or unmet nutritional requirements. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in formulas for infants, babies, and young children (n = 51) sold in Türkiye and to assess the non-carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of these products. The mean concentrations (ppb) were as follows: As (3.48), Cd (