Journal of Power Sources, cilt.665, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Uncontrolled dendritic growth remains a critical barrier to the practical deployment of lithium metal anodes. While direct current (DC) deposition has been extensively studied, alternating current (AC) and pulsed driving introduce competing timescales—diffusion, double-layer charging, and interfacial kinetics—that fundamentally reshape morphology. Here we present a computational framework that integrates phase-field morphology with transport and kinetic models to systematically map the frequency–amplitude–duty space. High-resolution parametric sweeps quantify signal-space metrics such as phase lag, total harmonic distortion (THD), and concentration stability, linking them to morphological outcomes. Our results reveal high frequency (≥10 Hz), low normalized amplitude (b/v ≤ 0.05), and segmented duty cycles minimize THD and depletion, favoring compact deposition. The global optimum occurs at f = 20 Hz and b/v = 0.025, where THD reaches its minimum (0.1069) alongside robust phase response and concentration stability. These findings provide mechanistic insight and actionable design rules for waveform engineering in lithium systems, offering a quantitative foundation for safer, high-performance lithium-metal batteries.